Amabuye y’Ibirunga: Umutungo kamere usobanura amateka y’Isi, ukabungabunga ibidukikije n’ubukerarugendo
Mu gihe abantu benshi basura Amajyaruguru y’u Rwanda bakururwa n’ingagi zo mu misozi, ibiyaga by’impanga bya Burera na Ruhondo ndetse n’uruhererekane rw’Ibirunga bya Virunga, hari undi mutungo kamere ukomeye utajya uvugwa cyane nyamara ufite uruhare rukomeye mu gusobanura amateka y’Isi, kubungabunga ibidukikije no guteza imbere ubukerarugendo. Uwo ni amabuye n’imiterere ya geolojiya biboneka hirya no hino mu Rwanda.
Abahanga mu bya geolojiya bavuga ko amabuye ari nk’ububiko bw’amateka y’Isi kuko buri bwoko bw’urutare ruba rufite inkuru ruvuga ku buryo isi yagiye ihinduka mu gihe cy’imyaka ibarirwa muri za miliyoni na za miliyari.
U Rwanda ruherereye mu gice cy’Ikibaya cya Afurika y’Iburasirazuba (East African Rift System), ahabereye ibikorwa bikomeye byahinduye imiterere y’isi birimo gutandukana kw’imigabane y’ubutaka, iruka ry’ibirunga ndetse n’iremwa ry’ibiyaga n’imisozi.
Uko amabuye arimo amakoro, amasarabwayi n’andi mabuye yirema n’ubwoko bwayo
Umwarimu muri Kaminuza y’u Rwanda, Ishuri ry’Ubucukuzi bw’Amabuye y’Agaciro na Geolojiya, Nsengiyumva Cedric, asobanura ko amabuye yose ari ku Isi agabanyijemo amatsinda atatu y’ingenzi ari yo amabuye y’ikirunga (Igneous rocks), amabuye y’urusobe cyangwa ayaturutse ku byegeranyijwe (Sedimentary rocks) ndetse n’amabuye yahinduwe n’ubushyuhe n’umuvuduko (Metamorphic rocks).
Ati: “Aya makoro akomoka ku birunga. Iyo ikirunga kirutse, ibikoma byacyo bizwi nka magma cyangwa lava biramanuka, byakonja bikabyara amabuye yitwa amakoro cyangwa Igneous rocks. Nubwo ibirunga byo mu Majyaruguru y’u Rwanda ubu bisinziriye, ibintu byabivuyemo igihe byarukaga ni byo byakonje bigatanga aya mabuye tubona uyu munsi.”
Asobanura ko mu Majyaruguru y’u Rwanda ari ho haboneka cyane amabuye y’ikirunga nka basalt n’andi mabuye y’umukara yaremwe no gukonja kwa magma.
Mu bindi bice by’igihugu haboneka amabuye nka granite, gneiss, schist, quartzite ndetse n’andi yerekana amateka ya kera cyane y’Isi.
Nsengiyumva akomeza avuga ko amabuye y’urusobe (Sedimentary rocks) aremwa n’ibice by’amabuye, ibimera n’ibindi bintu byegerana mu mibande cyangwa mu biyaga, bikagenda bikandamizwa n’uburemere n’ubushyuhe mu gihe kirekire bikavamo urutare.
Ati: “Ni yo mabuye akunze kuba yaraturutse ku byegeranyijwe byinshi. Kubera ko aba yarabayeho hamwe n’ibimera n’ibinyabuzima byapfuye kera, ni na yo ashobora kuvamo peteroli nyuma y’imyaka myinshi bitewe n’ubushyuhe n’umuvuduko byayagizeho ingaruka.”
Ku bijyanye n’amabuye yahinduwe n’ubushyuhe n’umuvuduko (Metamorphic rocks), avuga ko akomoka ku yandi mabuye aba yarakomeje gukandamizwa no gushyuha imyaka myinshi, akagenda ahindura imiterere n’ubukomere.
Abahanga bagaragaza ko amwe mu mabuye yo mu Rwanda ashobora kuba amaze hagati ya miliyari imwe na miliyari imwe n’igice yaremwe, cyane cyane ayabarizwa muri Karagwe-Ankole Belt, mu gihe ibikorwa by’ibirunga bya Virunga byo bifatwa nk’ibya vuba kuko bifitanye isano n’ikorwa ry’Ikibaya cya Afurika y’Iburasirazuba ryatangiye mu myaka igera kuri miliyoni 22 ishize.
Uruhare rw’amabuye mu buhinzi, amazi n’ibidukikije
Uretse gusobanura amateka y’Isi, amabuye agira uruhare rukomeye mu mibereho y’abaturage no mu buzima bw’urusobe rw’ibinyabuzima.
Nsengiyumva Cedric avuga ko ubutaka bwaturutse ku birunga bukungahaye ku ntungamubiri kamere zifasha imyaka gukura neza.
Ati: “Gukura kw’igihingwa kugendana n’ifumbire kibonera aho giteye. Amabuye y’ibirunga afite intungamubiri nyinshi muri chemistry yayo. Ni yo mpamvu ubona ubutaka bwo mu Majyaruguru bwera cyane. Hari ibice usanga bifite ibintu bimwe n’ibishyirwa mu mafumbire mvaruganda, ariko byo bikaba biri mu butaka ku buryo kamere.”
Ibi ni byo bituma uturere twa Musanze, Burera na Nyabihu tuzwiho umusaruro mwinshi w’ibirayi, ibigori, ingano n’ibindi bihingwa.
Uyu mwarimu kandi agaragaza ko amabuye agira uruhare rukomeye mu kuyungurura amazi.
Ati: “Iyo amazi y’imvura anyuze mu mabuye, afasha kuyungurura imyanda igaragara nk’ibitaka, ibyatsi n’ibindi bice binini. Nubwo adashobora gukuramo imyanda yose ya chimique, amabuye afasha cyane mu gutuma amazi aba meza kurushaho.”
Avuga ko amabuye ari yo nkingi y’ibinyabuzima byose kuko ubutaka, ibimera, ibiyaga, imigezi ndetse n’abantu ubwabo byose bishingira ku mabuye.
Ati: “Amabuye ni nk’umugenzuzi cyangwa umusingi w’ibidukikije. Ubutaka ntibwabaho budafite aho bufata. Ibuye rishobora kubaho igihingwa kidahari, ariko igihingwa nticyabaho ibuye ridahari.”
Uretse kandi uruhare rw’ayo mabuye mu buhinzi no kubungabunga amazi, ni na yo abikwamo amabuye y’agaciro y’u Rwanda arimo gasegereti (Tin), koluta (Tantalum), wolufuramu (Tungsten), zahabu n’andi mabuye y’agaciro atandukanye.
Geotourism na Geopark: Amahirwe mashya y’ubukerarugendo bushingiye kuri geolojiya
Mu gihe ubukerarugendo bw’u Rwanda busanzwe buzwi cyane kubera ingagi zo mu misozi n’urusobe rw’ibinyabuzima, abahanga bavuga ko geotourism cyangwa ubukerarugendo bushingiye kuri geolojiya ari amahirwe mashya ashobora kwinjiriza igihugu amafaranga menshi.
Nsengiyumva Cedric avuga ko amabuye, ibirunga n’ibiyaga bifite amateka yihariye ashobora gukurura abashakashatsi n’abakerarugendo baturutse hirya no hino ku Isi.
Ati: “Dukeneye ko abantu badasura ingagi gusa, ahubwo bakanasura amabuye, ibirunga n’ibindi bimenyetso bya geolojiya. Ibi bituma habaho ubushakashatsi bwinshi bugaragaza uko ibi birunga, ibiyaga n’aya mabuye byagiye biremwa mu myaka myinshi ishize.”
Ngoga Telesphore, ukora mu Rwego rw’Igihugu rw’Iterambere (RDB) mu ishami rishinzwe kubungabunga pariki z’igihugu, avuga ko geolojiya ari kimwe mu bintu bikurura amatsiko y’abashakashatsi benshi basura u Rwanda.
Ati: “Hari abantu baza bafite amatsiko yo kumenya impamvu ibimera bimwe bikurira ahantu runaka, impamvu inyamaswa zimwe zikunda ibiryo runaka cyangwa uko ibiyaga n’imisozi byaremwe. Ibi byose bifitanye isano na geolojiya.”
Akomeza avuga ko gahunda yo gushyira Intara y’Amajyaruguru muri UNESCO Global Geopark izafasha kurushaho gusobanukirwa no kubungabunga uyu murage kamere.
Ati: “Aya mabuye, ibiyaga, ibirunga n’indi miterere y’ubutaka bizakomeza kwigwaho no gukorerwaho ubushakashatsi. Ibi bishobora gutuma havumburwa byinshi bitari bizwi haba mu biyaga, mu misozi cyangwa munsi y’ubutaka.”
Ibi kandi bishimangirwa na Guverineri w’Intara y’Amajyaruguru, Mugabowagahunde Maurice, wavuze ko gahunda ya Geopark izafasha kumenyekanisha no kubyaza umusaruro umutungo kamere mwinshi ukiri mu Ntara y’Amajyaruguru, harimo n’utari wakorerwa ubushakashatsi buhagije.
Mu gihe u Rwanda rukomeje gushaka uburyo bwo guteza imbere ubukerarugendo burambye no kubungabunga ibidukikije, amabuye y’Ibirunga n’andi mabuye yo mu gihugu agaragara nk’umutungo udakwiye kureberwa gusa nk’ibice by’ubutaka.
Ni igitabo gifunguye gisobanura amateka y’Isi, kikaba umusingi w’ubuzima, ubuhinzi n’ubukungu, ndetse kikaba n’urufunguzo rw’amahirwe mashya y’ubukerarugendo bushingiye ku bumenyi bwa siyansi n’umurage kamere.
