Uko gazi z’Ibyuma bikonjesha zigira uruhare mu mihindagurikire y’Ikirere
Ibyuma bikonjesha n’iby’imashini zitanga ubukonje bikoresha gazi zifasha mu gusohora no gukurura ubushyuhe hagamijwe kugabanya ubushyuhe bukikije,byibitsemo ibanga rikomeye ribangamira ikirere cyacu: Gazi zikoreshwa muri byo zishobora kugira uruhare rukomeye mu gushyuha kw’isi igihe zagiye mu kirere.
Mu bihe byashize, chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) ni zo zakoreshwaga cyane, ariko nyuma yo kubona ko zangiza akayunguruzo k’imirasire y’izuba (ozone), byatumye zihagarikwa burundu binyuze mu masezerano ya Montreal Protocol.
Icyakora, izisimbura, hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), nazo zaje zizana ikibazo gishya: ni gazi ifite ubushobozi bwo gufata ubushyuhe buruta ubw’umwuka wa karuboni (CO2) inshuro ibihumbi. Iyo izi gazi zagiye mu kirere, biturutse ku gukora ibyuma bikonjesha, kubikoresha, cyangwa kubisubiza mu nganda, zifata ubushyuhe bidasanzwe. Urugero, ikilo kimwe cya HFC kigira ingaruka zingana no gusohora toni ebyiri za CO2, ni nk’imodoka isanzwe ikora urugendo mu gihe cy’amezi atandatu.
Izi gazi zisohoka mu kirere zituma imihindagurikire y’ibihe irushaho kwiyongera, bigatera ibiza nk’imvura nyinshi, izamuka ry’inyanja, n’iyangirika ry’ibidukikije.
Ikigo gishinzwe Kurengera Ibidukikije (EPA), kigaragazwa ko-Frigo, amafrigo manini, na air conditioners bikoresha ibinyabutabire bya HFCs nk’ibikoresho byifashishwa mu gukonjesha. Iyo ibi bikoresho bishaje cyangwa byangiritse, HFCs zishobora kwinjira mu kirere, kandi ibi binyabutabire bifite ubushobozi bwo gukongeza ubushyuhe ku kigero kiri hejuru cyane ugereranyije na CO₂.
Inkomoko y’ikoreshwa ry’ibikoresho bikonjesha n’ibitangira akayaga
Ikigo Mpuzamahanga gishinzwe Ingufu (IEA),kigaragazwa ko ahagana mu kinyejana cya 19 Isi yatangiye guhura n’ingaruka z’ihindagurika ry’ibihe mu buryo bufatika, bitewe ahanini n’impinduka zazanywe n’ubukungu bushingiye ku nganda (Industrial Revolution).
Aha abantu batangiye gukoresha cyane amakara, peteroli, na gazi mu nganda no mu gutwara abantu n’ibintu, byatumye ibyuka bihumanya nka carbon dioxide (CO₂) biza mu kirere mu buryo budasanzwe.
Kuva mu binyejana bya kera, ariko cyane cyane mu kinyejana cya 19 na 20, abantu Kandi batangiye gutema amashyamba kugira ngo babone ubutaka bwo guhinga no kubakaho, bikagabanya ubushobozi bwo guhangana n’iyoherezwa rya CO₂ mu kirere.
Umubare munini w’abantu ugenda wiyongera ku Isi (Over population),nawo watumye ibyifuzo by’ibiribwa n’ ingufu byiyongera, bigatera kwiyongera kw’ibikorwa bihumanya ikirere.
Impuguke zatangiye kubona ibimenyetso bifatika by’ihindagurika ry’ibihe mu kinyejana cya 20, cyane cyane mu myaka ya 1950-1960, ubwo ubushakashatsi bwatangiraga kugaragaza ko hari izamuka ry’ubushyuhe bw’Isi.
Ibi byatumye hanzurwa ko guhumanya ikirere no gukora ibidafite ingaruka ku bidukikije ari ibibazo bikomeye Isi yose igomba guhangana na byo.
Aha niho ibikoresho bikonjesha nk’imizindaro (firigo) n’ibyuma bitanga ubuhehere mu nyubako (ACs) bikoresha imiti izwi nka hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), ifite ubushobozi bwo kwangiza ikirere inshuro ibihumbi ugereranyije na carbon dioxide (CO₂),byatangiye gukoreshwa kugira ngo byifashishwe mu gutanga umwuka n’ubukonje.
N’ubwo bigaragara ko ibi bikoresho bigira uruhare rukomeye ku ihindagurika ry’ibihe,abasaga 95% baganiye na Greenafrica.rw ntibazi izi ngaruka bitera.
NIYOMAHORO Joselyne akoresha Air Conditioner mu nzu, yagize ati:” Iki gikoresho ngikoresha kugira ngo kimpe akayaga keza igihe hari ubushyuhe bwinshi,iyo tugikoresha kiradufasha ariko iby’ingaruka giteza ku kirere ntabwo mbizi.”
Ni mu gihe Alexandre Mugabo ucuruza ibinyobwa bisembuye we avuga ko Frigo ibafasha gukonjesha ibyo kunywa by’abakiriya,ibiherekeza imikorere yeyo ntabyo azi.
Ingamba zigaragazwa ko zikwiye gufatwa
Mu rwego rwo kugabanya izi ngaruka, hari gahunda zitandukanye zigamije gukoresha ibikoresho bikonjesha bidafite ingaruka mbi ku bidukikije.
Mu Rwanda, Ikigo cy’Igihugu gishinzwe kubungabunga Ibidukikije (REMA) cyatangije gahunda ya R-COOL GO, ifasha abakozi bahembwa buri kwezi kubona firigo n’ibyuma bitanga ubuhehere mu nyubako (ACs) byujuje ubuziranenge kandi bitangiza ikirere, binyuze muri banki y’Isi.
Iyi gahunda igamije kugabanya ikoreshwa ry’ibikoresho bikonjesha bikoresha HFCs, bityo ikarinda ihumana ry’ikirere no kugabanya ingaruka z’ihindagurika ry’ibihe.
Mu rwego mpuzamahanga, ubushakashatsi bwakozwe n’impuguke mu by’ikirere, harimo n’Ihuriro Mpuzamahanga ryita ku mihindagurikire y’Ibihe (IPCC), bugaragaza ko gukomeza gukoresha HFCs bizongera ubushyuhe bw’Isi, bigatera ingaruka zikomeye ku bidukikije n’abaturage.
Gukoresha ibikoresho bifite ingufu zidahumanya: Hari uburyo bwo gukoresha HFCs zisimbuwe na Hydrocarbons (HCs) zifite ingaruka nkeya ku bidukikije.
Gukoresha ingufu z’imirasire y’izuba, bigaragaza ko byagabanya ingufu zituruka ku mavuta ya peteroli.
Kugenzura no gutunganya ibikoresho bishaje: Kugira gahunda yo kongera gukoresha cyangwa gutunganya ibikoresho bishaje bituma imyuka itinjira mu kirere.
U Rwanda rwafashe izihe ngamba mu kurinda ikirere cyarwo gukomeza kwangirika?
U Rwanda rwiyemeje gukomeza kugira uruhare mu kurwanya imihindagurikire y’ibihe, binyuze mu ishyirwa mu bikorwa ry’amasezerano mpuzamahanga no gushyiraho ingamba z’imbere mu gihugu zigamije iterambere rirambye no kurengera ibidukikije.
U Rwanda rwasinye amasezerano yasinyiwe i Montreal, muri Canada, mu mwaka wa 1987, ariko u Rwanda ruyinjiramo mu 2003.
Aya masezerano agamije kugabanya ikoreshwa ry’imyuka yangiza akayunguruzo k’imirasire y’izuba (ozone layer), nka chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs).
Mu Ukuboza 2015,u Rwanda wasinye amasezetano i Paris, mu Bufaransa, mu nama ya 21 y’ibihugu byibumbiye mu Muryango w’Abibumbye yiga ku mihindagurikire y’ibihe (COP21).
Aya masezerano agamije kugabanya imyuka ihumanya ikirere, hagamijwe ko izamuka ry’ubushyuhe bw’isi ritarenza dogere 2°C ugereranyije n’igihe cyabanjirije inganda.
U Rwanda rwiyemeje kugabanya imyuka ihumanya ikirere no guteza imbere ibikorwa birengera ibidukikije, binyuze muri gahunda zitandukanye z’iterambere rirambye.
Mu mwaka wa 2016, u Rwanda rwakiriye Inama ya 28 y’ibihugu byasinye aya masezerano (MOP28), aho hemejwe inyongera yiswe Kigali Amendment, igamije kugabanya ikoreshwa ry’imyuka ya hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), ifite ubushobozi bwo guteza ubushyuhe bukabije mu isi.
U Rwanda rwasinye amasezerano ya Kigali (Kigali Amendment), yemejwe mu Ukwakira 2016.
Aya yasinyiwe i Kigali, mu nama ya 28 y’ibihugu byasinye amasezerano ya Montreal.Iyi nyongera ku Masezerano ya Montreal igamije kugabanya ikoreshwa ry’imyuka ya HFCs, ifite ubushobozi bwo guteza ubushyuhe bukabije mu isi, nubwo idahumanya akayunguruzo k’imirasire y’izuba.
Nk’igihugu cyakiriye iyi nama, rwiyemeje gushyira mu bikorwa iyi nyongera, rugabanya ikoreshwa ry’imyuka ya HFCs, ndetse rugashishikariza n’ibindi bihugu kubikora.
Ibikoresho bikonjesha byatangiye gukoreshwa neza ku Isi mu Kinyejana cya 19-20, kuko muri 1830, hakozwe ventilateur ya mbere yakoraga hakoreshejwe amaboko.
Muri 1834, uwitwa Jacob Perkins yakoze imashini ya mbere ikoreshwa mu gukonjesha(Frigo)hakoreshejwe amavuta yitwa “ether.”
Mu 1902, Willis Carrier yakoze icyuma cya mbere gikonjesha (air conditioner) cyari kigenewe gukonjesha inganda.