Imwe mu miti ikoreshwa mu buhinzi yaciwe na EU yagizwe ibiryo by’Abanyafurika
Mu gihe Isi ikomeje gushakisha ibisubizo byo kurengera ubuzima bw’umuntu n’ibidukikije, hari igisa n’amayobera mu bucuruzi mpuzamahanga: imiti yica udukoko (chemical pesticides) yaciwe n’Ubumwe bw’u Burayi (EU) kubera ingaruka mbi ku buzima n’ibidukikije, ikomeje koherezwa muri Afurika, aho ikoreshwa mu buhinzi ku rugero ruri hejuru.
Ibi bigaragara nk’ubukoloni bushya bwa kemiko’ (chemical colonialism), aho ibihugu bikize bikoresha ibikennye nk’isoko ryo guturaho imyanda y’ibyaha bya siyansi.
Raporo ya Public Eye yasohotse mu 2020 yerekana ko ibigo byo mu Burayi byohereje nibura toni 81,000 z’imiti yaciwe imbere mu bihugu byabo, ikoherezwa mu bihugu bikennye, cyane cyane muri Afurika.
Iyo miti irimo nka atrazine, paraquat, chlorpyrifos, acephate, na imidacloprid, yose ifite ubushobozi bwo guteza ibibazo bikomeye ku buzima bw’abantu, harimo kanseri, indwara z’ubwonko bw’abana, kwangiza udusimba tugira uruhare mu kubangurira imyaka (pollinator) nk’inzukii, ndetse no gusenya ubutaka.
Public Eye yemeje ko iyi miti itemewe gukoreshwa imbere muri EU ariko ifite isoko rinini muri Afurika, aho amahame yo kurinda ubuzima n’ibidukikije adakurikizwa cyane.
Umuhinzi Nyiraneza Melanie avuga ko akenshi bahugurwa ko iyi miti atari myiza ku buhinzi,ku binyabuzima no ku kiremwa muntu ariko nanone bakisanga bagomba kuyikoresha kuko iri ku isoko Kandi n’imirima ikaba yaramaze kumenyera kwera neza ari uko ikoreshejwe.
Ati:”Inshuro nyinshi tugaragarizea ko iyi miti ari uburozi ku binyabuzima ndetse hari n’imwe yica ibyonnyi ariko bikarangira ijumbuye umurima ibihingwa bikazajya birarumba, iyo duhuye n’ikibazo cy’ibyonnyi birangira tuyifashishije mu kubyica kuko iracuruzwa ku isoko kandi usanga nta y’andi mahitamo ahari gusa icyo twasaba ni uko hashyirwa imbaraga mu gushaka igisubizo cy’imiti yujuje ubuziranenge tukareka gukoresha uburozi tubibona kuko kurinda umuntu inzara nan’ubundi akarya ibimwica ntaho twaba tugana.”
Ubushakashatsi bugaragaza ko iyi miti itera ingaruka iganisha ku rupfu Kuva ku muhinzi wayiteye, uwariye ibihingwa akenshi barwara kanseri ndetse n’ibinyabuzima bifite akamaro gakomeye mu murima birimo inzuki,ibinyugunyugu,inyoni n’utundi dukoko tugira uruhare mu gusandaguza amafumbire mu murima (Decomposers).
WHO yerekanye ko abantu basaga miliyoni 3 bahura n’uburwayi buturuka ku ikoreshwa ry’imiti y’ubuhinzi buri mwaka, abagera ku bihumbi 220 bakaba bapfa. Imiti nka paraquat ihuzwa na kanseri, indwara z’ubuhumekero, ndetse n’ibibazo by’ubwonko ku bana bato.
Muri 2021 FAO yagaragaje ko inzuki ziri kugabanuka ku kigero cya 30–40% buri mwaka kubera imiti yica udukoko nk’imidacloprid na neonicotinoids, bikaba bigira ingaruka zikomeye ku musaruro w’ibihingwa bikeneye pollination. Utunyabuzima two mu butaka nko muziguruka na microbes zigira uruhare mu gusubiza intungamubiri mu butaka ziricwa, bigatuma ubutaka bubura ubushobozi bwo gutanga umusaruro.
Ni mu gihe kandi ubushakashatsi bwakozwe na IUCN mu 2020, bwagaragaje ko Chlorpyrifos igira ingaruka ku bwonko bw’inyoni n’utundi dusimba tw’ingirakamaro.
Pollinators nizo zituma imbuto n’imboga zishobora kwera neza. Minisiteri y’Ubuhinzi mu Rwanda (MINAGRI) yagaragaje ko umusaruro w’ibihingwa nka watermelon, amashu n’amapapayi ushobora kugabanuka kugeza kuri 30% igihe pollinators zabaye nke.
Imiti nka paraquat yangiza intungamubiri ziri mu butaka ikabubuza kongera gutanga umusaruro, nk’uko byasobanuwe mu nyigo y’Ishami ry’Umuryango w’Abibumbye ryita ku bidukikije (UNEP, 2022).
Public Eye (2020). Exporting Toxicity: How EU Companies Sell Banned Pesticides to Africa. Yagaragaje ko toni 81,000 z’imiti yaciwe muri EU zoherejwe muri Afurika. Nk’uko byagaragajwe na Heinrich Böll Foundation mu 2023, Nigeria yinjije toni 147,446 z’imiti yica udukoko, harimo n’iyaciwe muri EU, iyikoresha mu buhinzi bw’ibihingwa ngengabukungu nka coton, imboga n’imbuto.
Mu 2018, habaruwe toni 1,700 z’imiti yaciwe na EU ariko yemewe gukoreshwa muri Afurika y’Epfo, irimo 67 yo mu rwego rw’iyangiza ubuzima n’ibinyabuzima byo mu butaka nk’uko byagaragajwe muri raporo ya Solidar (2022). Exported Toxicity: The EU’s Banned Pesticides in South Africa.
Mu bihugu bya Afurika y’Uburasirazuba (EAC), Kenya niyo iyoboye mu gukoresha iyi miti, aho 44% by’imiti ikoreshwa mu mirima yayo yaciwe na EU. Ibi byemezwa n’ubushakashatsi bwakozwe n’umuryango Route to Food Campaign. Muri Kenya, inyigo ya 2020 yerekanye ko pollinators bagabanutseho 41% mu myaka 10, aho hakoreshwaga cyane chlorpyrifos na glyphosate.
Umuhinzi mworozi mu karere ka Burera Hakuzuwera Jean Bosco, avuga ko abacuruzi babaha imiti ku giciro gito ariko itarizewe. “Tuba tutazi ko iyo miti yangiza ubutaka bwacu kandi ikica inyoni n’udusimba dukingira imyaka yacu,”
Dr. Charles Bucagu, Umuyobozi ushinzwe ubushakashatsi n’iterambere muri RAB, yavuze ko hakenewe ubukangurambaga bukomeye kugira ngo abahinzi bamenye imiti yemewe n’itemewe. Ibi yabivuze mu kiganiro n’abanyamakuru cyabaye ku wa 29 Kanama 2023, mu nama yateguwe n’Urugaga rw’Impinduka ku Ibidukikije n’Imihindagurikire y’Ibihe (RCCDN), Ishyirahamwe ry’Abahanga mu Bidukikije mu Rwanda (RAE), n’Umuryango Mpuzamahanga wita ku Kurandura Ibinyabutabire Byangiza (IPEN). Iyo nama yabereye i Kigali, igamije kungurana ibitekerezo ku ikoreshwa ry’imiti y’ubuhinzi ikomeye kandi ifite ingaruka ku buzima n’ibidukikije, izwi nka Highly Hazardous Pesticides (HHPs).
Mu ijambo rye, Dr. Bucagu yagaragaje ko hari ingaruka zifatika ku butaka no ku buzima ziterwa n’imiti imwe ikoreshwa nabi. Yavuze ko RAB yashyizeho urutonde rw’imiti yemewe, ariko hari iyinjira binyuranyije n’amategeko, bityo hakenewe ubukangurambaga bukomeye kugira ngo abahinzi bamenye imiti yemewe n’itemewe.
Ibyo biganiro byibanze ku buryo bwo gukumira ikoreshwa ry’iyo miti, harimo no gukangurira abahinzi gukoresha imiti yemewe n’amategeko, ndetse no gukoresha ubuhinzi bw’umwimerere butangiza ibidukikije.
Mu rwego rwo guhangana n’iki kibazo mu Rwanda hashyizweho amategeko atandukanye agenga imiti n’amafumbire bigomba kwinjizwa mu Rwanda.
ITEKA RYA MINISITIRI No 002/11.30 RYO KU WA 14/07/2016 RIGENA AMABWIRIZA AGENGA IMITI N’IFUMBIRE MVARUGANDA.https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://www.rica.gov.rw/index.php%3FeID%3DdumpFile%26t%3Df%26f%3D26824%26token%3D29b2fec79831676b8b68983b5c08c58163816e43&ved=2ahUKEwjEyZS0y5aNAxVbQ6QEHdg6I04QFnoECBgQAQ&usg=AOvVaw32OdZifnbjzJrh3qgPBdr_
Icyuho mu mategeko mpuzamahanga
EU itegeka ko ibigo byayo bitemerewe gukoresha iyi miti imbere mu Burayi, ariko binyuze muri Rotterdam Convention, biracyemerewe kuyigurisha hanze mu gihe igihugu kiyikeneye kibisabye. Ibi bifungurira inzira yo gukomeza kohereza iyi miti mu bihugu bifite amategeko adakomeye, nk’uko byagaragajwe na Public Eye (2020).
Ibisubizo bishoboka binyuze mu mahugurwa atandukanye ahabwa abahinzi,abatangazamakuru mu buhinzi, ibigo bya leta n’ibyigenga mu gukora ubuhinzi bufite icyerekezzo Kandi butangiza.
Gushyiraho amategeko abuza kwinjiza no gukoresha imiti yaciwe mu bindi bihugu.
Guteza imbere ubuhinzi burambye, nka agroecology, bujyanye no gukoresha udukoko tw’ingirakamaro nk’abakozi ba karemano, hari ugukoresha uburyo gakondo mu kwica ibyonnyi, gukoresha amafumbire y’imborera afasha mu kurinda ubuzima gatozi bw’umurima.
Kongerera abahinzi ubumenyi ku ngaruka z’iyi miti no kubaha ubundi buryo budahenze bwo kurwanya udukoko.
Gushyira imbaraga mu bushakashatsi ku bikoresho by’ubuhinzi byangiza bidafite ingaruka ku buzima n’ibidukikije.
I Nairobi muri Kenya Kuva k u itariki ya 1-2 habereye amahugurwa ku bufatanye na AFSA yahuje abanyamakuru batandukanye baturutse mu bihugu bya EAC, abikorera mu bigo by’ubuhinzi bw’umwimerere n’izindi nzego ku ngaruka y’imikoreshereze n’iyinjizwa ry’iyi miti (chemical pesticides) mu rwego rwo kurushaho guharura amayira yo gukora ubuhinzi butangiza ubuhinzi ubwabwo, urusobe rw’ibinyabuzima,ubuzima bwa muntu n’inzuki zijya guhovwa zikahasiga ubuzima ku bwinshi.
Gupfa kw’inzuki n’udukoko twangiza cyangwa twungura ubutaka bishobora kugira ingaruka zitaziguye ku buzima bw’abantu, ndetse bishobora no gutera urupfu mu buryo butaziguye.
Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe na Harvard School of Public Health bwagaragaje ko kubura kw’udukoko two gusaranganya uburumbuke (pollinators) bishobora gutera imirire mibi y’abantu miliyoni 71, harimo abagera kuri miliyoni 1.4 bashobora gupfa buri mwaka kubera indwara ziterwa n’imirire mibi (malnutrition-related diseases) nka stroke, cancer na heart disease.
Inzuki zigira uruhare mu gukwirakwiza ifumbire mu bihingwa 87 ku bihingwa 115 bifatwa nk’ingenzi mu mirire y’abantu. Kubura kwazo byagabanya cyane ubwoko bw’ibiribwa bifasha mu kongerera umubiri intungamubiri zirinda indwara.Inzuki n’udukoko tw’indabo dufasha mu gusaranganya uburumbuke hagati y’ibihingwa (pollination). Nibwo buryo 75% by’ibihingwa abantu barya bikenera kugira ngo bibyare imbuto. Kubura kwazo byateza ikibazo gikomeye ku biribwa nk’imbuto, imboga, n’ibindi bihingwa nk’ikawa, cacao, n’ibihingwa by’amavuta.
Iyi miti, harimo nk’iya Chlorpyrifos na Paraquat, iyo yakoreshejwe cyane kandi igahitana udukoko dufite akamaro, usanga isigara mu butaka no mu biribwa.
Ubushakashatsi bwakorewe muri Mali na Benin na FAO/WHO muri 2022, bwerekanye ko abahinzi n’abana bagaragaje ibimenyetso bikomeye byo kwanduzwa n’iyo miti harimo kuribwa umutwe, isesemi, ibibazo mu myanya y’ubuhumekero, n’ibyago byo kurwara cancer mu gihe kirekire.
Kubura kw’udukoko n’inyamaswa z’uturere byongera ihungabana mu bidukikije, bigatuma indwara zituruka ku nyamaswa (zoonotic diseases) zirushaho kwiyongera. WHO ivuga ko 70% by’indwara zishya ku bantu zituruka ku guhungabana kw’ibidukikije, aho virusi nka Ebola, Zika na COVID-19 bivumburwa muri ubwo buryo.
Ibura ry’imbuto n’imboga byaturutse ku kubura kw’inzuki byateza indwara zituruka ku mirire mibi nk’umusonga (scurvy), anemia, n’izindi.
Abasimburabirenge nka uturere (termites), udusimba tw’ibyondo (earthworms), n’utundi dukunze kwitwa decomposers, dufasha gusubiza intungamubiri mu butaka binyuze mu kubora kw’ibisigazwa by’ibimera n’inyamaswa. Kubura kwabo byatuma ubutaka bumera nk’umutumba w’aho ntacyera.
Decomposers bagira uruhare mu gukomeza ihindagurika ry’imyuka mu butaka (carbon cycle). Kubura kwabo byateza ihindagurika ry’ikirere rishingiye ku kwiyongera kwa carbon dioxide, bigatuma imvura ihindagurika.
Inzuki, udukoko tw’ikirere, n’udukoko tw’ubutaka ni igice cy’ibiribwa cy’inyamaswa nyinshi. Kubura kwabo byahungabanya urusobe rw’ibinyabuzima, harimo inyoni, ibinyamwijima, n’inyamaswa z’inkazi.
Mu buhinzi bushingiye ku bihingwa bikenera pollination, kwangirika kw’inzuki byatera igihombo gikomeye ku bahinzi, byagera no ku bukungu bw’igihugu. Mu bihugu nka Ethiopia cyangwa Côte d’Ivoire bitunzwe cyane na cacao cyangwa imbuto, byateza ihungabana ry’ubukungu.
FAO yagaragaje ko ibikorwa by’inzuki bifite agaciro karenga $235 – $577 miliyari ku mwaka mu buhinzi. Ubushakashatsi bwa IPBES (Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services) bwatangaje ko 40% by’udukoko tw’indabo turi mu kaga ko kuzimiira.
Ubushakashatsi bugaragaza ko umusaruro w’ubuki mu Rwanda no mu karere ka Afurika y’Iburasirazuba (EAC) wagabanutse mu myaka yashize, bitewe n’impamvu zitandukanye zirimo ikoreshwa ry’imiti yica udukoko, ihindagurika ry’ikirere, n’iyangirika ry’ahantu inzuki zibona ibiribwa.
Mu 2024, umusaruro w’ubuki mu Rwanda wageze kuri toni 7,000, mu gihe ubushobozi bw’igihugu bwari buteganyijwe kugera kuri toni 8,611. Ibi bivuze ko hari icyuho kinini hagati y’umusaruro n’ubushobozi bwateganyijwe. Ubusabe bw’ubuki mu gihugu buri kuri toni 17,000 ku mwaka, mu gihe umusaruro uri hasi cyane, bigatera icyuho kinini ku isoko .
Imiti nka Cypermethrin na Rocket ikoreshwa mu buhinzi yagaragajwe nk’ifite uburozi bukomeye ku nzuki. Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe mu turere umunani tw’u Rwanda bwerekanye ko iyi miti yangiza cyane inzuki, bigatuma umusaruro w’ubuki ugabanuka .
Umusaruro w’ubuki mu Rwanda wagabanutse cyane mu myaka yashize kubera impamvu zitandukanye zirimo ikoreshwa ry’imiti yica udukoko, ihindagurika ry’ikirere, n’iyangirika ry’ahantu inzuki zibona ibiribwa. Gusa, hari gahunda zitandukanye ziri gushyirwa mu bikorwa kugira ngo iki kibazo gikemuke, harimo guteza imbere ubuhinzi bw’inzuki bujyanye n’ibidukikije, gusubiranya amashyamba, no guteza imbere ubuhinzi bw’inzuki bugezweho.
RAB yasabye abahinzi gukoresha imiti yica udukoko mu buryo butangiza inzuki, nk’igihe cy’ijoro cyangwa mbere y’uko ibihingwa bitangira gutumba . Hari gahunda yo gutera ibiti 15 bitanga indabo mu Ntara y’Iburasirazuba kugira ngo inzuki zibone ibiribwa bihagije, bityo umusaruro w’ubuki wiyongere .
