Ifumbire Itarabora neza ni nk’inshuti y’Umuhinzi Ishobora Kumugwa nabi
Mu gihe isi yose yugarijwe n’ibibazo by’imihindagurikire y’ibihe, igabanuka ry’umusaruro w’ubuhinzi, no kwangirika ku butaka, gukoresha ifumbire y’imborera byabaye imwe mu ngamba zikomeye mu guteza imbere ubuhinzi burambye. Nyamara, gukoresha ifumbire itarabora neza ni nko kunywa umuti udapimye: aho gukiza urwara, ushobora gukura indwara nshya.
Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe n’ishami ry’Umuryango w’Abibumbye ryita ku Biribwa n’Ubuhinzi (FAO, 2022) bwerekanye ko hegitari zirenga miliyoni 33 ku isi zangijwe no gukoresha ifumbire itanoze, harimo n’itarabora neza.
Ingaruka zabyo ntizigarukira ku bimera gusa, ahubwo zigaragara no ku rusobe rw’ibinyabuzima byo mu butaka, ubuziranenge bw’amazi, ndetse no ku kirere cyacu.
Ifumbire ikirimo ibimera cyangwa ibisigazwa bitarabora neza, cyane cyane imyanda y’amatungo n’ibyatsi bitaruma, itangira kwangirika mu buryo anaerobic (idafite umwuka wa oxygen). Muri icyo gihe isohora ammonia (NH₃), methane (CH₄), na nitrous oxide (N₂O).
Methane na Nitrous oxide ni imyuka ifite ubushobozi bwo gufata ubushyuhe inshuro zisaga 300–310 ugereranyije na CO₂ (IPCC, 2021). Iyi myuka igira uruhare mu gutuma isi ishyuha, ikagira ingaruka ku miterere y’ikirere.
Ammonia, nk’uko byagaragajwe mu bushakashatsi bwa McGill University (2023), ishobora gutwika imizi y’ibimera, bigatera chlorosis (impapuro z’ibimera zitukura cyangwa zikoroha cyane) cyangwa imikurire idahwitse.
Abahinzi batandukanye baganiriye na Greenafrica.rw bagaragaje ko bakunze guhingira ku byatsi bitarabora kuko abenshi iyo bamaze gusarura bakomerezaho imirimo y’ubuhinzi bakabihinguraho.
Karemera Nepomoscene ati:” Iyo dusaruye ibihingwa runaka nk’amasaka, ibigori,ibishyimbo n’ibindi, akenshi bya byatsi byabyo tubihingiraho ariko ntabwo twari tuzi ko bishobora guteza ingaruka ku binyabuzima, ubutaka n’ibidukikije kuko twe tubikora gutyo kugira ngo bizabe ifumbire”.
Iyo ifumbire itarabora ijyanywe mu murima, ituma micro-organisms zifasha mu gusenya ibisigazwa zishyira imbaraga mu kubora iyo fumbire aho gufasha ibimera. Ibi bita Nitrogen Immobilization, bituma ibihingwa bibura intungamubiri.
FAO ivuga ko imikurire y’ibimera ishobora kugabanuka hagati ya 25–40% mu mirima yashyizwemo ifumbire itarateguwe neza (FAO Soil Bulletin No. 91).
Ibi binaniza abadecomposer nk’udukoko duto (earthworms, protozoa, fungi), dukenerwa mu kubungabunga ubutaka. Utu dusimba duto dusandaguza ifumbire mu murima iyo tunaniwe natwo dushobora kubura ikidutunga tugapfa bigatera umurima kurumba cyangwa kujumbuka ari nabyo ngo bitera abahinzi benshi kwiyambaza amafumbire n’imiti yo mu nganda babyitirura imbuto mbi cyangwa ukunanirwa kw’ifumbire y’imborera.
Nyiransabimana ati:”Ibyo ubwo bushakashatsi bugaragaza abenshi ntitubitekereza, ahubwo iyo duhingiye ku ifumbire idatunganyije neza, abenshi twibwira ko twahinze imbuto mbi cyangwa tukaba twarakoresheje imborera gusa ikaba yarabuze imbaraga zo gutunga ibihingwa, nta kindi dukora rero Uretse kujya ku isoko tukagura imiti tugateramo kugira ngo duhangane n’icyo kibazo nubwo kidakemuka bitewe n’uko impamvu iri muri ya fumbire.”
Nzabarinda Isaac ukorera ubuhinzi mu murenge wa Kinigi,mu Karere ka Musanze akaba ari n’umutubuzi w’imbuto y’ibirayi, avuga ko gukoresha Ifumbire inoze bitanga umusaruro mwiza ndetse ko abahinzi bakwiye gutandukanya Ifumbire iboze neza n’ibyatsi bibisi.
Ati:”Iyo dutera ibirayi ugukoresha Ifumbire yamaze kubora neza,igahora bifasha udusimba two mu butaka kuyisandaguza igakwirakwira mu murima igatunga ibihingwa n’utwo dusimba ubwatwo, hari ababyitiranya bagakoresha ibyatsi bibisi n’ifumbire itarabora bibwira ko bari kuyoboka ubuhinzi bwiza budakoresheje Ifumbire ryinshi mva ruganda.”
Yakomeje ati:” Icyo gihe biteza ingaruka zo kurumbya umusaruro n’umurima ukaba wajumbuka ku buryo ikindi gihembwe cy’ihinga kigorana, icyo gihe usanga bisaba umuhinzi kuraza umurima kugira ngo usubirane ubuzima,bihita byumvikana ko bimushyize mu gihombo.”
Ifumbire itarabora neza ishobora gufunga utwenge duto dutuma amazi n’umwuka byinjira mu butaka. Ibi bituma ubutaka bufatana cyane (soil compaction), bigabanya ubushobozi bwo kunyuzamo amazi n’imizi.
Ubushakashatsi bwa UNEP (2022) bwerekanye ko gufatanya k’ubutaka (soil compaction) byatewe n’imyanda y’imborera itameze neza yagabanije ubushobozi bwo kunyuzamo amazi ku rugero rwa 60% ku murima w’imyaka 5 wahingwagamo mu karere ka Kilimanjaro.
Imyanda y’amatungo, iyo itatunganyijwe neza, ishobora gutwara bacteria na parasites zishobora kwanduza ubutaka, amazi, n’ibimera.
Mu bushakashatsi bwakozwe na Cornell Waste Management Institute, bwagaragaye ko ifumbire itunganyijwe nabi ishobora kwanduza imboga n’imbuto na E. coli, Salmonella, n’indi myanda yandura.
Dusabe Lisa Chantal,umuyobozi w’ikigo Rwanda Organic Agriculture Movement gishinzwe guteza imbere ubuhinzi bw’umwimerere, yabwiye Greenafrica rw ko ubuhinzi bw’umwimerere ari igisubizo ku ihindagurika ry’ibihe ariko agaragaza ko hakiri ikibazo cy’abagikoresha Ifumbire y’imborera nabi.
Ati:”Ubuhinzi bw’umwimerere ni igisubizo ku kibazo cy’ihindagurika ry’ibihe, iki kibazo kimaze gufata indi ntera aho dusigaye tugira izuba ryinshi n’ikibazo cy’imyuzure aho imvura igwa igahitana abantu,kubera ko ubutaka bwacu butagifite ubushobozi bwo kuba bwafata amazi, bya bintu dushyira mu butaka biragenda bikica ibinyabuzima byo mu butaka, imvura yagwa igatwara byose.”
Yakomeje ati:”Ubu dufite ikibazo cy’abahinzi bitiranya ubuhinzi bw’umwimerere n’ubuhinzi gakondo, iyo tuvuga ubuhinzi bw’umwimerere ni ubuhinzi bukorwa mu buryo bwiza burimo siyansi,ikoranabuhanga n’umuco,iyo ufashe ibyatsi ukabivangavanga ntunategereze ko bibanza kuba Ifumbire,ntabwo ari umwimerere,iyo Ifumbire itaboze neza iteza ibibazo kurusha kutayikoresha niyo mpamvu dukeneye gukora ubuvugizi n’ubukangurambaga kugira ngo byitabweho.”
Wafula Ferdinand Umuhuzabikorwa mu kigo cyitwa Bio Gardening Innovation (Officer coordinator at Bio Gardening Innovation (BIOGI), muri Kenya,aganira na Greenafrica.rw, yagaragaje ko gukoresha ifumbire itarateguwe neza n’ibyatsi bikiri bibisi bifite ingaruka zikomeye ku buhinzi kugeza ku bidukikije.
Ati:”Iyo ukoresheje ifumbire nshya y’amatungo nk’isoko y’ifumbire y’imborera, bishobora guteza ibibazo kubera ko iba irimo azote (nitrogen) nyinshi cyane, kandi intungamubiri ziba ziyirimo ntizihita ziboneka ku bimera. Ibi biterwa n’uko izo ntungamubiri ziba zikiri gufatirwa (zidakiri ku isura iboneka ku bimera). Ni yo mpamvu bisaba ko ifumbire y’amatungo ishaje cyangwa ikabanza kubora.”
Yongeyeho ati:” Uburyo bwo kubora cyangwa gutunganya ifumbire bikorwa n’udusimba dutoya (microorganisms), mbere y’uko intungamubiri zishobora gufatwa n’ibimera. Ariko kandi, ifumbire nshya ishobora no kuba isoko y’indwara (pathogens). Kubora cyangwa gucomposa (composting) bifasha gukemura icyo kibazo cy’indwara, cyane cyane iyo bikorwa mu buryo bwa compost y’ ubushyuhe bwinshi (hot compost), aho bita thermophilic composting. Uburyo bwa thermophilic bufasha mu gukiza ifumbire, bukayihindura ikungahaye kuri humic acids, izifasha ubutaka gutanga intungamubiri ku bimera.”
Yasoje agira inama abahinzi ati:”Ni byiza rero ko ifumbire y’amatungo ibanza gusaza cyangwa gutunganywa (composting) byibura mu gihe cy’amezi abiri cyangwa atatu mbere yo kuyikoresha mu mirima. Ikindi kandi, hari icyo bita igipimo cya karubone na azote (carbon-nitrogen ratio). Azote iba iri hejuru cyane mu ifumbire nshya, ariko ushobora kongeramo ivu ry’ibiti (sawdust) cyangwa ibindi birimo karubone kugira ngo byunganire kandi bifashe ifumbire gusaza neza mbere yo kuyikoresha.”
Ubushakashatsi bugaragaza ko byibuze ifumbire y’imborera igomba kubanza gushyirwa ahantu hibanda ku: Gushyushya neza: 55–70°C mu byumweru 6–8; Kurobanura imyanda idashobora kubora (plastike, ibirahuri); Kuyihinduranya kugira ngo oxygen yinjire.
FAO n’IUCN barimo gusaba ibihugu byose gushyiraho amabwiriza y’ifumbire y’imborera (organic fertilizer standards) kugira ngo hafatwe ingamba zihamye z’ubuhinzi burambye.
Ifumbire y’imborera ni nk’amaraso y’ubuhinzi. Iyo ikozwe neza, izana ubuzima, umusaruro, n’umutekano w’ibidukikije. Ariko iyo yirengagijwe mu kuyitunganya, iba intandaro y’indwara, imyuka yangiza, n’ibihombo ku bahinzi n’isi yose. Gukoresha ifumbire y’imborera si ukuyiterera mu murima gusa, ni ukurera ubutaka nk’uko waryoherwa no kurera abana bawe.
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