Ibiti bishaje si imfabusa: N’inkingi y’ubuzima bw’ishyamba n’urusobe rw’ibinyabuzima
Mu gihe bamwe mu baturage bakomeje kubona ibiti bishaje biri mu mashyamba nk’ibipfa ubusa bikwiye gutemwa cyangwa gutwikwa, abahanga mu by’amashyamba n’abashakashatsi mu bidukikije bagaragaza ko ibi biti ari inkingi ikomeye y’ubuzima bw’ishyamba, urusobe rw’ibinyabuzima n’iterambere rirambye.
Ibiti bishaje, byaba bihagaze byumye cyangwa byaraguye hasi, bigira uruhare rukomeye mu guha icumbi ibinyabuzima bitandukanye, kongera uburumbuke bw’ubutaka no gufasha ishyamba kwivugurura mu buryo bwa kamere (natural regeneration).
Ishami ry’Umuryango w’Abibumbye ryita ku Buhinzi n’Ibiribwa (FAO) ryatangaje mu raporo yaryo yo mu 2020 ko ibiti bishaje n’ibiti byaguye (deadwood) ari igice cy’ingenzi cy’urusobe rw’ibinyabuzima by’ishyamba.
FAO igira iti:“Ibiti bishaje kandi byapfuye ni igice cy’ingenzi cy’urusobe rw’ishyamba, bifasha urusobe rw’ibinyabuzima, kongera uburumbuke bw’ubutaka no gutuma ishyamba ryiyubaka mu buryo bwa kamere.”
Iyo raporo ishimangira ko amashyamba akurwamo ibiti bishaje atakaza ubushobozi bwo kwiyubaka, kugumana intungamubiri no guhangana n’ingaruka z’imihindagurikire y’ibihe.
Abahanga mu by’ibinyabuzima bagaragaza ko ibiti bishaje ari isoko y’ubuzima ku binyabuzima byinshi birimo udukoko, imfungwa (fungi), inzoka, imiswa, inyoni n’udusimba duto. Iyo ibiti biguye hasi, bihinduka icumbi ry’ibi binyabuzima, bigakora nk’ahantu ho kwihisha, kororokera no gushakira ibiribwa.
Uko ibiti bigenda bibora, bihinduka ifumbire karemano, ituma ubutaka bugumana amazi kandi bukongera intungamubiri zikenerwa n’ibimera bishya, bigafasha ishyamba gukomeza kwaguka no kwiyubaka.
Umushakashatsi mu by’amashyamba Dr. Peter Wohlleben, mu gitabo cye The Hidden Life of Trees (2016), agaragaza ko:
“Ibiti bishaje kandi byapfuye si ibidakora; biri mu bice by’ishyamba bikiri bifite ubuzima bwinshi, bishyigikira ibinyabuzima byinshi bifasha ishyamba gukomeza gukora neza.”
Ibi bisobanura ko “ubuzima” bw’ishyamba butagarukira ku biti bigaragara nk’ibikiri bizima gusa(ibibisi), ahubwo bushingira ku mikoranire ihoraho hagati y’ibiti bishaje, ubutaka n’ibinyabuzima bitandukanye.
By’umwihariko, mu mashyamba abamo inyamaswa nini nk’inzovu, abashakashatsi bagaragaza ko izi nyamaswa zigira uruhare rukomeye mu guhindura imiterere y’ishyamba. Inzovu zikunda guhirika ibiti, cyane cyane ibishaje cyangwa bito, bigwa hasi bikumira cyangwa bigaha icumbi izindi nyamaswa zirimo inzoka, imiswa n’inyoni.
Ibi biti bihiritse bihinduka ifumbire y’ishyamba, bigafasha ubutaka kongera uburumbuke no gutuma ibimera bishya bimera. Ni yo mpamvu impuguke mu by’ibidukikije zivuga ko inzovu zitwa “abatekinisiye b’ishyamba (engineers b’ishyamba)”, kubera uruhare runini zigira mu guhindura no kubaka urusobe rw’ibinyabuzima.
Tuyipfukamire Emelance, uri mu itsinda rishinzwe ubushakashatsi ku nyamaswa by’umwihariko inzovu muri Pariki y’Igihugu ya Akagera (Research Support), agaragaza ko inzovu zifite umwihariko ukomeye muri pariki ndetse zikagira n’uruhare mu kubaka ishyamba rishya.
Ati:“Inzovu zifite umwihariko wo kuba ari imwe mu nyamaswa nini eshanu (Big Five) zifatwa nk’ikirango cya pariki, kandi zigira uruhare rukomeye mu kubaka ishyamba (forest engineering), bitewe n’uburyo zifata igiti zikakirandura bigafasha inyamaswa ngufi nk’impala, imparage n’izindi ndya byatsi ngufi kubona ibyo zirya.”
Akomeza asobanura ko nubwo inzovu zishobora kugaragara nk’izangiza ibiti, mu by’ukuri zigira uruhare runini mu kongera amoko y’ibiti.
Ati:“Iyo inzovu ziranduye ibiti, imbuto zabyo zinyanyagira hirya no hino zikamera bundi bushya, bityo ishyamba rikagira ubwoko bw’ibiti butandukanye, aho kuguma ku bwoko bumwe gusa.”
Ibiti by’ishyamba bisaza mu buryo butandukanye burimo gukura cyane bigatakaza ubushobozi bwo kwisanasana, gukubitwa n’inkuba, kwibasirwa n’imfungwa (fungi), udukoko n’indwara, cyangwa guhura n’ingaruka z’imihindagurikire y’ibihe zirimo amapfa n’imvura ikabije. Ibi byose ni inzira za kamere zituma igiti gipfa, kikinjira mu kindi cyiciro cy’ingenzi cy’ubuzima bw’ishyamba.
Ubushakashatsi bwa IUCN bwo mu 2018 bugaragaza ko inzovu zifasha mu gusakaza imbuto z’ibiti n’ibimera binyuze mu mbuto zinyura mu mara yazo (amase), zigahinduka imbuto zifite ubushobozi bwo kumera vuba.
IUCN igira iti:“Inzovu zigira uruhare rukomeye mu gusakaza imbuto no guhindura ahantu, bigafasha ishyamba kwiyubaka no kugira ubushobozi bwo kurwanya ihindagurika ry’urusobe rw’ibinyabuzima (ecosystem resilience).”
Ibi bituma ahari inzovu hagira ubudasa bw’urusobe rw’ibinyabuzima, kuko ibiti bishya bimera biturutse ku mbuto zanyuze mu mase yazo, bigafasha ishyamba kwaguka no kwiyubaka mu buryo bwa kamere.
Nubwo ubu bumenyi bwa siyansi bugenda bugaragazwa, bamwe mu baturage baracyumva ko ibiti bishaje bikwiye kubyazwa inkwi cyangwa amakara, babona ko “bipfa ubusa”.
Abahanga mu by’amashyamba bavuga ko iyi myumvire ishobora guteza ihungabana rikomeye ku buzima bw’ishyamba.
Prof. Chad Oliver wo muri Kaminuza ya Yale, mu kiganiro yatanze mu 2019, yavuze ko:
“Gukuramo ibiti bishaje n’ibipfuye bihungabanya kwiyubaka kwa kamere kw’ishyamba kandi bigatuma umusaruro w’ishyamba mu gihe kirekire ugerwaho muke.”
Karinganire Jean Paul, ushinzwe abafatanyabikorwa n’inkunga zinjira muri pariki y’Igihugu ya Akagera, agaragaza ko ibiti bishaje n’ibikorwa by’inzovu bifite uruhare runini mu kubungabunga pariki ibamo amoko menshi y’ibinyabuzima, harimo n’inyamaswa eshanu zikomeye zizwi nka Big Five.
Yagize ati:“Mu Akagera, inzovu n’ibiti bishaje ni inkingi y’ubuzima bw’urusobe rw’ibinyabuzima. Inzovu zihirika ibiti bigahinduka icumbi n’ifumbire, bigatuma n’izindi nyamaswa n’ibimera bigira aho bishingira. Iyo ibi byangijwe, urusobe rwose rurahungabana.”
Akomeza asobanura ko kurinda ibiti bishaje no gusigasira inyamaswa nini nk’inzovu bifasha pariki gukomeza kugira ubwiza karemano, bikongera ubukerarugendo, bityo bikagira uruhare mu bukungu n’iterambere rirambye ry’igihugu.
Abashakashatsi bemeza ko kurinda ibiti bishaje n’inyamaswa zifite uruhare mu guhindura imiterere y’ishyamba atari ugusubiza inyuma iterambere, ahubwo ari ugushora mu buzima burambye bw’amashyamba, ibinyabuzima n’abantu.
Bashimangira ko kongera ubukangurambaga bushingiye kuri siyansi no gushyira mu bikorwa politiki zishingiye ku bushakashatsi ari byo byafasha amashyamba gukomeza kuba isoko y’ubuzima n’ejo hazaza h’igihugu.
Mu mibare, u Rwanda rumaze gutera intambwe igaragara mu kongera ubuso buteyeho amashyamba. Raporo z’inzego z’igihugu zigaragaza ko kugeza ubu, ubuso buteyeho amashyamba buri hejuru ya 30% by’ubuso bw’igihugu, aho bwavuye kuri hafi 23% mu myaka irenga icumi ishize.
Binyuze mu kwiyemeza kwa Bonn Challenge, u Rwanda rwihaye intego yo kugarura no gusana hegitari zirenga miliyoni ebyiri z’ubutaka bwangiritse bitarenze 2030, zirimo amashyamba, agroforestry(ibiti bivangwa n’imyaka) n’ubutaka burinzwe isuri.
Buri mwaka, hatewe ibiti birenga nibura miliyoni 100, bigizwemo uruhare na Leta, abafatanyabikorwa n’abaturage, bikaba bigaragaza ko iyi gahunda atari amagambo gusa, ahubwo ishingiye ku bikorwa bifatika n’imibare igaragara.
