Amakara ya Biochar: Igisubizo kirambye ku buhinzi buhanganye n’imihindagurikire y’ibihe
Muri iki gihe ubuhinzi bwo mu Rwanda n’ahandi ku Isi bugenda buhura n’imbogamizi zirimo kugabanuka k’uburumbuke bw’ubutaka, gutwarwa kw’intungagihingwa n’amazi, n’ingaruka z’imihindagurikire y’ibihe.
Ibi byatumye bamwe mu bahinzi n’abashakashatsi bongera kwita ku ikoreshwa ry’amakara ashyirwa mu murima, azwi nka biochar, nk’uburyo bufasha kongera umusaruro no kurengera ubutaka mu gihe kirekire.
Ibi byagaragaye mu isambu ikorerwamo ubuhinzi bw’umwimerere ya La Ferme du Lac yo mu Karere ka Ngoma, aho biochar ikoreshwa ivanzwe n’ifumbire y’imborera igashyirwa mu butaka. Nk’uko bisobanurwa na Nkundabagenzi Albert, uhagarariye iki cyanya, ubu buryo bwamaze kugaragaza impinduka nziza ku buzima bw’ubutaka n’umusaruro.
Ati:“Amakara dukoresha mu murima atandukanye cyane n’amakara yo guteka. Ayo ni amakara atunganywa mu buryo butuma adashya byuzuye, akenshi akomoka ku bisigazwa by’ibihingwa n’ibiti. Ibi bituma agumana carbone n’imiterere ifasha ubutaka kubika intungamubiri n’amazi igihe kirekire.”
Iyo biochar ishyizwe mu butaka, ifasha kunoza imiterere yabwo, igatuma bugumana umwuka n’amazi bihagije. Ibi bifasha imizi y’ibihingwa gukura neza no kubona intunggihingwa mu buryo bworoshye, bigatuma umusaruro wiyongera.
Albert agaragaza ko mu gutegura aya makara, batifashisha ibisigazwa byose bibonetse.
Ati:“Ntitwifashisha ibyatsi byose kuko hari ibibora vuba cyane, nk’ibikomoka ku bishyimbo. Ahubwo dukoresha ibisigazwa by’ibigori (ibigorigori), amasaka (ibikenyeri), n’amababi n’amashami y’ibiti byakozweho ubushakashatsi, byagaragaye ko bibika carbone neza.”
Amahoro ku butaka mu bihe by’izuba n’imvura nyinshi
Ikoreshwa rya biochar rigira akamaro kanini mu bihe by’izuba rikabije, aho ubutaka busanzwe bwakakaye bushobora kugumana amazi igihe kirekire. Abahinzi bagaragaza kandi ko biochar igabanya gutwarwa kw’intungagihingwa n’amazi byaterwaga n’imvura nyinshi, bityo ifumbire yashyizwe mu murima ntipfe ubusa, ahubwo igakomeza gukoreshwa n’ibihingwa.
Ikindi cy’ingenzi ni uko biochar igira uruhare runini mu kongera ubuzima bw’ubutaka. Ifite imyenge mito mito ibamo udukoko twiza two mu butaka dufasha guhindura intungamubiri ziba zitabasha gukoreshwa n’ibihingwa, zikazihindura izishobora kwakirwa n’imizi.
Ibi bituma ubutaka bugira ubuzima burambye kandi bugakomeza gutanga umusaruro mu gihe kirekire, bitandukanye n’ubuhinzi bushingiye cyane ku ifumbire zo mu nganda zikunze kunaniza ubutaka uko imyaka igenda ishira.
Biochar na azote: umufatanyabikorwa w’ubutaka burambye
Ku bijyanye na azote, imwe mu ntungamubiri z’ingenzi cyane ku bihingwa, biochar igira uruhare rukomeye mu kuyigumana mu butaka.
Azote ikunze gutakara binyuze mu mazi cyangwa ikajya mu kirere iyo ifumbire ikoreshejwe nabi. Ariko iyo biochar ivanzwe n’ifumbire y’imborera cyangwa ibisigazwa by’ibimera bibora, ifata iyo azote ikayibika mu butaka, bityo igakomeza kuboneka ku bihingwa uko bikura.
Phocas NIKWIGIZE, umujyanama mu by’ubuhinzi (Agronomiste) ushinzwe ishami ry’imbuto mu mushinga EGSP, agaragaza akamaro ka azote mu butaka, anagaragaza ko uburyo ikoreshwa bufite uruhare runini ku musaruro.
Ati:“Azote ni inkingi y’ingenzi mu mikurire y’ibihingwa, ariko iyo ikoreshhejwe mu buryo budakwiye, ishobora kwangiza ubutaka n’ibidukikije. Uburyo bwa biochar bufasha kuyigumana mu butaka no gutuma ikoreshwa neza n’ibihingwa.”
Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe na Lehmann et al muri 2011 na Joseph et al muri 2021 bugaragaza ko biochar ituma udukoko two mu butaka dukora neza mu gutunganya azote, harimo n’udukoko duhindura azote yo mu kirere ikajya mu butaka mu buryo ibihingwa bishobora gukoresha. Ibi bituma umusaruro wiyongera hatabayeho gukoresha ifumbire nyinshi.
LIBAHO Serge ushinzwe iyamamaza buhinzi muri Rwanda Organic agriculture Movement (ROAM) ,yashimangiye imiteguriye ya Biochar anakomoza ku ntegonza ROAM mu guteza imbere ubuhinzi bw’umwimerere.
Ati:” Ibigirigori kugeza ubu nibyo bikunze gukoresha mu kuyategura gusa hari n’ibindi byatsi bishoboka birimo n’ibyibireti ariko ubushakashatsi butaremeza neza,bishyirwa mu mwobo uteguye neza bigatwikwa ariko hirindwa ko buhura n’umwuka mwiza wo hanze(Oxygen) kuko baba bakeneye ko carbone igumamo, iyo aya.makara avanzwe n’ifumbire y’imborera (compost) yongerera ubutaka uburyo bwo gufata amazi ( Soil water retansion),anongerera Kandi ya fumbire igihe imara mu butaka kuko hari ubwo ifumbire irangira mu butaka vuba bigasaba ko umuhinzi agomba kuyongeramo buri mwaka.”
Yagaragaje ko guteza imbere ubuhinzi bw’umwimerere butangizs ubutaka n’ihidukikije ari akazi ka ROAM. Ati:” Ibikorwa nk’ibyo niko kazi kacu kubera ko ubuhinzi bw’umwimerere bufite ingaruka nziza ku bantu ubwabo binyuze mu byo turya Kandi bwa butaka nibwo dukeneye kugira ngo dukuremo ibyo kurya. Birumvikana ko iyo ubukoreshejemomo andi moko y’amafimbire cyangwa imiti yica udukoko yo mu nganda,burangirika ndetse tutibagiwe n’urusibe rw’ibinyabuzima cyane cyane inyoni, inzuki n’utundi dukoko dusandaguza imyanda mu murima tukayihindura ifumbire.”
Ingaruka z’ifumbire zikomotse mu nganda
Nubwo ifumbire mva ruganda (chimique) zongera azote zifasha kubona umusaruro mu gihe gito, ubushakashatsi bwinshi bwerekana ko zifite ingaruka mbi ku butaka, ku bidukikije no ku buzima bw’abantu mu gihe kirekire.
Raporo za FAO, UNEP na WHO zigaragaza ko ikoreshwa rikabije ry’ifumbire za chimique rituma ubutaka bugira umunyu mwinshi, bukabura udukoko twiza, amazi agahumanywa na nitrates, kandi bigatuma imyuka ihumanya ikirere nka nitrous oxide (N₂O) yiyongera, igira uruhare runini mu mihindagurikire y’ibihe.
Ibi bitandukanye na biochar, ifasha kugumana carbone mu butaka igihe kirekire, bityo ikagabanya imyuka ihumanya ikirere, ikanagabanya gukenera ifumbire za chimique.
Uko biochar itegurwa
Albert asobanura ko gutegura aya makara bibanda cyane ku bisigazwa by’ibyatsi bitabora vuba.
Ati:“Ibyatsi tubishyira mu mwobo cyangwa mu cyitwa Kontiki, tugatwika duhera hasi tuzamuka. Buri uko bigenda bishya, ni ko twongera ibindi hejuru kugira ngo ibyari hasi bidashya cyane bikayonga, bigatakaza carbone.”
Yakomeje avuga ko iyo bimaze gutungana, bihutira kuzimishwa n’amazi kugira ngo bihagarike gushya, bityo carbone ikabikwa uko bikwiye.
Ati:“Aya makara amaze gutungana, tuyavanga n’ifumbire y’imborera mbere yo kuyasuka mu murima, bigatuma akora neza kurushaho.”
Mu gihe ubuhinzi burambye bukomeje gushakishwa nk’inzira yo guhangana n’imihindagurikire y’ibihe, biochar igaragara nk’igikoresho cy’ingenzi gishobora gufasha umuhinzi kongera umusaruro atangiza ubutaka n’ibidukikije.
Ibi bituma biochar itangira gufatwa nk’igisubizo kirambye ku bahinzi bo mu Rwanda n’ahandi, cyane cyane iyo ikoreshejwe neza kandi ivanze n’ifumbire y’imborera. Ibyo bituma ubutaka bugumana azote n’izindi ntungamubiri, ibihingwa bigakura neza, umusaruro ukiyongera mu buryo burambye, bityo ubuhinzi bukaba inkingi ikomeza guteza imbere imibereho y’abaturage n’ubukungu bw’igihugu.
