Ubuhinzi bwo ku migozi nk’uburyo bwo kongera umusaruro no guhangana n’ihindagurika ry’ibihe
Uburyo bwo gushingirira no gufata ibihingwa bikura biranda ku biti hifashishijwe imigozi, buri gufatwa nk’igisubizo cyo kugabanya itemwa ry’amashyamba n’itsinsurwa ry’ibiti bikiri bito, byateraga ingaruka z’ihindagurika ry’ibihe zirimo umwuma w’imyaka n’ubwiyongere bw’imvura ikabije.
Mu bihingwa ahanini byiganjemo ibishyimbo, inyanya n’ubwoko butandukanye bw’amatunda, akenshi bukenera ibiti byinshi kugira ngo bishingirirwe bizakurireho, mu rwego rwo kubirinda kurandira hasi aho bishobora gutuma umusaruro utuba, ibindi bigahura n’ibyago byo kubora no kwibasirwa n’ibyonnyi bitewe n’imiterere y’ikirere gihari.
Mu turere tw’igihugu dukorerwamo ubuhinzi bwagutse, bigaragaza ko byibuze ibiti bingana na 28% bitemwa kugira ngo byifashishwe n’abahinzi, kandi ahanini bigakenerwa buri gihembwe cy’ihinga haba A na B, nubwo RFA ifite gahunda yo kongera amashyamba ku kigero cya 30% kugeza muri 2050, ibi ntibyagerwaho n’ubwiyongere bw’abakora ubuhinzi buzamuka kandi ari nako bukenera gutema amashyamba yo gukoresha.
Umukozi w’Akarere ka Musanze ushinzwe ibidukikije, Wishavura Marie Grace, avuga ko gutema amashyamba kugira ngo yifashishwe mu buhinzi byangiza ibidukikije kandi bishobora kuba igisubizo cy’igihe gito ku buhinzi bwabo, indi myaka bikabakururira ibihombo.
Ati: “Iyo abahinzi batema ibiti bashaka ibyo gushingiriza ibishyimbo cyangwa ibindi bihingwa, ntibarobanura icyeze n’ibiteze, izo nizo ngorane zihari. Ibi bibafasha muri uwo mwaka w’ubuhinzi ariko kubera ko batemye n’uduti tukiri duto, indi myaka bahura n’ibihe byo kubura imvura kuko ibiti babitemye cyangwa se yanagwa ikaba nyinshi, ubutaka bukagenda, isuri igacika, ibindi bikabora kubera imvura bakisanga mu bihombo.”
Yakomeje ati: “Kugabanyuka kw’amashyamba bisobanuye guhura n’ibihe biroroshye by’izuba ryinshi cyangwa se imiyaga ihirika ibihingwa kuko itabona ibiti biyifata. Umuhinzi ubungabunze ibikikije ubuhinzi bwe aba anakumiriye inyamaswa ziza kumwonera kuko zibona aho zihisha ntizijye kurya imyaka iri mu murima.”
Abahinzi benshi, cyane cyane ab’inyanya n’ibinyamishogi nk’ibishyimbo, bavuga ko bakunze kugerwaho n’ingaruka z’ihindagurika ry’ibihe, zituma basarura mu gapfunsi bitewe n’izuba ryinshi cyangwa isuri, bimwe mu byatumye imishinga nyinshi y’ubuhinzi igandukira guhindura umuvuno w’ubuhinzi bwabo.
Aha, umushinga Green Gicumbi ukorera mu karere ka Gicumbi wafashe ingamba zo guca amaterasi y’indinganire mu mirima y’abaturage, cyane cyane ahitegeye imisozi ihanamye, bacukura utunogo dufata amazi, guterera ibiti bivangwa n’imyaka n’ibindi birwanya isuri birimo gutera urubingo ku muzenguruko w’umurima.
Muri icyo gihe, mu karere ka Gicumbi hasazuwe amashyamba kuri Hegitari 2,050, hatangwa ibiti bivangwa n’imyaka, hacukuwe imiringoti igera ku bihumbi 3,000, hanakorwa amaterasi y’indinganire kuri Hegitari 600.
Muri ubu buryo bwo gukora ubuhinzi butangiza amashyamba no kurwanya ingaruka z’ihindagurika ry’ibihe mu buhinzi, Umuhinzi mworozi ndetse akaba na Agronome, Dushimiyimana Emmanuel wo mu karere ka Musanze, agaragaza ubuhinzi bwifashishije imigozi nk’igisubizo ku mashyamba no kudacucikanya imyaka mu murima.
Ni ubuhinzi akorera mu murenge wa Muhoza, Akagari ka Kigombe mu Mudugudu wa Nduruma, aho yatangiye agerageza ku gihingwa cy’ibishyimbo ndetse anemeza ko byongereye umusaruro yabonaga.
Ati: “Uburyo bwo guhinga ibinyamishogi n’ibinyambuto hifashishijwe imigozi, nabyize mu ishuri ariko usanga abahinzi batabishyira mu bikorwa, niyo mpamvu nafashe ingamba zo kubigerageza kuko natekereje ko ubwo buryo bwo gukoresha ibiti burimo imbogamizi nk’aho bishobora kuzabura, kwibwa no gusaza vuba, nsanga uburyo bwo gukoresha imigozi aribwo bwiza nko guhinga ibishyimbo cyane cyane ibi biranda bakunze kwita ‘Ibyamushingiriro’.”
Emmanuel avuga ko gushingirira ibiti no gukoresha imigozi bifitanye isano mu gushyigikira igihingwa, ariko akemeza ko hari itandukaniro rito risabwa kugira ngo bigerweho.
Ati: “Bifitanye isano yo guha igihingwa aho gihagarara ariko mu buryo bw’imikoreshereze biratandukanye kuko ubu buryo bw’imigozi busaba umuhinzi guhinga ku murongo, mu gihe uburyo busanzwe bw’ibiti, abenshi batabitera ku murongo.”
Agaragaza ko guhinga ku murongo byorohereza umuhinzi kwita ku gihingwa cye kugeza gikuwe mu murima.
Ati: “Guhinga bisanzwe nabonye bifite imbogamizi zo gutera umuti kuko kwinjiramo biragorana aho bimwe bihirima, gushyiramo ifumbire nabyo biragorana kandi kubera ko biba byegeranye izuba ntiribigeraho neza ngo bihumeke bihagije, byongere ingano y’imiteja bigomba kuzana. Iyo byegeranye birashisha ariko ntibizane uruyange rwinshi, ibindi bikabora ndetse bikanaremera bya biti bigahirima mu gihe imigozi iba ikomeye kandi ishobora gukoreshwa inshuro nyinshi byibuze imyaka 5-6, mu gihe ibiti ari sezo ebyiri gusa z’ihinga.”
Emmanuel agaragaza ko ubu buryo bujyanye na gahunda ya Guverinoma y’u Rwanda n’imiryango mpuzamahanga yo kurengera ibidukikije no kubungabunga amashyamba yakenderaga kubera ibikorwa by’ubuhinzi.
Ati: “Njye gutangira iki gikorwa nabanje kwibaza nti ‘Ese ko mbona abantu dukomeje kwangiza ibidukikije, amashyamba akaba ari gushira ku misozi kandi tukiyakeneye mu bindi bikorwa, ni uwuhe musanzu natanga kugira ngo nkore ubuhinzi ariko ndengere ibidukikije?’ Naje kubona ko iyo abantu bashaka ibiti bya mushingirizo akenshi batema uduti duto, gushibuka kwatwo ntibiba bigikunze, bigatuma tugira ahantu hasa n’ubutayu. Rero nemera ko ubu buryo bw’imigozi bwaba igisubizo kabone nubwo bitaba 100%, ikigamijwe nuko dushaka ibyo kurya ariko tukita no ku kirere gutuma ibyo kurya byacu bibaho.”
Uyu muhinzi agaragaza ko ubu buryo bukoreshejwe n’abahinzi benshi, gahunda yo gusubiranya no gusazura amashyamba yagerwaho vuba.
Ati: “Umurima byibuze ushingirirwa n’ibiti 1,000, mu buryo bw’imigozi ushingirirwa n’ibiti 20 kandi bikuze ahandi ukazamuramo imigozi kandi mu murima hakabonekamo inzira yo kunyuramo uri kubagara cyangwa urigushyirano ifumbire n’umuti. Ibi, ibiti byarahenze kimwe cya mushingirizo kigeze kuri 30 x 1,000 = 30,000 Frw kandi bigasimburwa hafi buri gihembwe cy’ihinga.”
“Umugozi umwe w’ikamba ni 1,000, wakongeraho ibiti byeze 5 bivamo ingeri 20 zizakoreshwa igihe kirekire n’udutsinga two gufata hasi no hejuru, nibwo bya bihumbi 30,000 Frw bishobora kugeramo ugasanga bidahombya umuhinzi kandi byo kubera biba biziritse, binafatanye nta mujura wabyiba nk’uko ibiti bisanzwe babirandura bakabijyana.”
Ingabire Dieudonne, umukandida w’icyiciro cya kabiri cya Kaminuza (Master) mu miyoborere y’imishinga, wibanda ku buhinzi, agaragaza ko ubu buhinzi ari umuzi ukomeye mu kurinda iyangirika ry’ikirere binyuze mu buryo abahinzi bangiza amashyamba bashaka ibiti byo gushingiriza.
Yagize ati: “Byari ubusanzwe ko abahinzi batema ibiti mu mashyamba mu gihe bashaka ibiti bya mushingirizo, ariko nanone ntitwakwifuza ko bikomeza gutyo kuko twiga ubuhinzi kugira ngo dufatanye n’abandi gushaka impinduka nziza mu gukora ubuhinzi butangiza ibidukikije kandi bugira uruhare mu kurema ikirere cyiza. Niyo mpamvu ubuhinzi nk’ubu bwo ku migozi ari ingenzi mu gusigasira amashyamba no kurwanya ibyonnyi kuko biroroshye kubona icyonnyi cyangwa uburwayi burimo kugira ngo ubikemure vuba.”
Yakomeje ati: “Ubuhinzi nibwo bukwiye kuba imbere mu kubungabunga amashyamba kuko burayakenera cyane. Navuga nk’aho agira uruhare mu gukurura imvura igwa ibihingwa bigakura bibyibushye, acumbikira inyamaswa ntizibashe konona ibihingwa kandi zimwe zikaba isoko y’amafaranga akomoka ku bukerarugendo, agaha umuhinzi umwuka mwiza no kubona ibikoresho azifashisha mu gusarura bikorwa mu biti byeze.”
Nshimiyimana Jean de Dieu wize ibijyanye n’amashyamba no kurengera ibidukikije agaragaza ko ubuhinzi nk’ubu bushobora gutuma ubuso buteyeho amashyamba bwiyongera bikaba intandaro yo kurwanya ingaruka z’ihindagurika ry’ibihe.
Ati: “Nshingiye kuri gahunda ya Leta, hari uburyo bwo kongera ubuso buteyeho amashyamba. Akenshi imihembezo cyangwa ibiti bya mushingirizo biba mu biti ndumburabutaka bitangwa na TUBURA, ariko usanga abaturage bamwe baba batabifite kuko biba bidahagije mu mirima yabo, bajya mu mashyamba gutera ibiti bidakuze cyangwa kubikonda (gutema amashami), bigatuma igiti kidakura neza ngo kibe cyasarurwa ngo kivemo imbaho nzima, amakara n’ahandi hatandukanye gishobora gukoreshwa nko gutinda ibiraro cyangwa kubakishwa muri rusange.”
Yakomeje ati: “Uko batema uduti tukiri duto niko natwo tutamara igihe kirekire, ibishyimbo byacyurira kigahita kivunika, bigatuma bakenera gutema byinshi mu gihe gito, ni mu gihe ubu buryo bw’imigozi buba bwubatse neza kandi bukomeye, ikindi kandi buraramba ntibusaba umuhinzi guhora agura imigozi, ikindi kandi ibiti byakoreshejwe nka Madiriye n’ibindi biba byeze kuburyo igihingwa cyuriye umugozi kiba gikomeye, bigatuma cyera neza.”
Eng Mukunzi Emile, ushinzwe kurengera ibidukikije no kurwanya ihindagurika ry’ibihe mu karere ka Bugesera, avuga ko abahaga mu buhinzi no kurengera ibidukikije bagomba kuba ab’imbere mu gukora ubushakashatsi bwimbitse bwo guteza imbere ubuhinzi nk’ubu butangiza kandi no gukomeza kwiga uburyo bushya bwifashishwa mu gukemura ibibazo by’ihindagurika ry’ibihe ahanini bikomoka ku buhinzi.
Ati: “Akenshi nakunze kubona aho bakoresha imigozi (imishipiri cyangwa se imbarasasi) ari muri za Greenhouse mu buhinzi bw’inyanya na Puwaro, baba barubatse ku buryo biborohera kuzirikaho ya migozi hejuru no hasi kandi ukabona ko bifite icyerekezo cyo kuzigama ibiti bagakwiye gukoreshwa mu bihe by’ubuhinzi bitandukanye.”
Ati: “Mu mirima isanzwe yo hanze rero hakenewe gukorwa ubushakashatsi bwimbitse n’ubukangurambaga kugira ngo abahinzi bato n’ababigize umwuga babashe kubyumva neza, bamenye no kubikora kuko byatanga umusaruro mu buryo butandukanye harimo: Kubungabunga ibiti byatemwaga, kurondera amafaranga yagurwaga ibiti, kongera umwuka mwiza mu kirere, gukurura imvura no kurwanya isuri ndetse bikongera n’umusaruro.”
Ikigo cy’Ibihugu gishinzwe ubuhinzi n’ubworozi (RAB) kandi gishyira imbere gahunda yo guhugura abahinzi ku buryo bwo guhinga butangiza ibidukikije, kugira ngo abahinzi bato n’ababigize umwuga bashobore gukoresha neza ubu buryo, bikabafasha kongera umusaruro no kurinda ibihingwa kwibasirwa n’ibyonnyi cyangwa kurandira hasi.
Ubu buryo burimo kandi gushyigikira gahunda ya Leta yo kongera ubuso buteyeho amashyamba, kuko abahinzi bashishikarizwa gukoresha ibiti bifata ubutaka mu mirima aho kubikura mu mashyamba.
Minisiteri y’Ibidukikije isobanura ko ubuhinzi bubungabunga ibidukikije bugomba gukorwa ku buryo bugabanya gutema amashyamba adakenewe, buruhura ubutaka binyuze mu gutera amaterasi, imiringoti no gutera ibiti bifata ubutaka kugira ngo hirindwe isuri n’imiyaga, bunganira gahunda yo kongera amashyamba, kandi buhesha agaciro ibikorwa byo kurwanya ihindagurika ry’ibihe.
Minisiteri isaba abahinzi gukurikiza aya mahame kugira ngo ubuhinzi butange umusaruro kandi butangize ibidukikije, by’umwihariko mu turere dufite imisozi ihanamye n’ubutaka buhenze.
Mu rwego rwo gukomeza guteza imbere ubuhinzi burambye no kurwanya ingaruka z’ihindagurika ry’ibihe, Guverinoma y’u Rwanda yashyizeho gahunda zitandukanye zo kongera ubuso buteyeho amashyamba no gusubiza ubutaka bwangiritse. Ibi bikorwa bigamije kubungabunga ibidukikije, gukumira isuri, kongera umwuka mwiza, ndetse no gutanga inkunga ku bahinzi kugira ngo ubuhinzi bwabo butangiza ibidukikije.
Muri gahunda yo kongera amashyamba, buri mwaka hateganywa gutera ibiti byinshi mu gihugu hose; mu mwaka wa 2024-2025 hateganyijwe gutera ibiti birenga miliyoni 65, hagamijwe gukomeza kongera ubuso buteyeho amashyamba no kurwanya isuri ndetse no gukumira ingaruka z’ihindagurika ry’ibihe.
Guverinoma kandi yihaye intego yo gusubiza ubutaka bwangiritse, aho hateganyijwe gusubiza hegitari miliyoni 2 z’ubutaka bwangiritse kugeza mu mwaka wa 2030. Ibi bikorwa birimo gutera amashyamba, kubungabunga ubutaka, no guteza imbere ubuhinzi bujyanye n’ibihe.
Hari kandi politiki y’amashyamba yashyizweho mu 2004, ivugururwa mu 2018, igamije kongera amashyamba, guteza imbere ubuhinzi burambye no kurwanya ihindagurika ry’ibihe.
Mu Rwanda, amategeko agenga gutema ibiti biteze neza asaba ko abahinzi cyangwa abandi bantu babikora bafite uruhushya rw’inzego zibishinzwe, bagakoresha uburyo budangiza ubutaka n’amashyamba, kandi bagasimbuza ibiti byatemwe. Ibi bigamije kurinda isuri, kubungabunga amashyamba no gukomeza kurwanya ingaruka z’ihindagurika ry’ibihe, bityo ubuhinzi bukarushaho kuba burambye kandi butangiza ibidukikije.