Uko umwotsi ukoreshwa mu matora y’abapapa ukorwa: Inyigo ku binyabutabire, ibisobanuro n’Ingaruka ku bidukikije

Mu gihe hatorwa Umushumba wa Kiliziya Gatolika, abatuye isi hose bahanga amaso igisenge cy’urusengero rwa Sistine Chapel i Vatikani, bategereje ikimenyetso cy’umwotsi.

Umukara (Fumata near) cyangwa umweru (Fumata bianca) , ibyo ni byo bimenyetso bimenyekanisha niba Papa mushya amaze gutorwa cyangwa se niba amatora akomeje.

Umwotsi uzamuka binyuze muri “chimney” y’agateganyo ishyirwa hejuru ya Chapelle Sixtine. Iyi chimney ihuzwa na “stove” y’icyuma iboneka imbere muri chapelle. Ikaba ifite ibice bibiri:

Stove ya mbere: Ikoreshwa mu gutwika impapuro z’amatora.

Stove ya kabiri: Ikoreshwa mu gutwika imiti itanga umwotsi w’umukara cyangwa w’umweru, bitewe n’ibyavuye mu matora.

Izi stove zombi zihuzwa n’umuyoboro umwe usohora umwotsi, kugira ngo abari hanze ya chapelle babashe kubona ibimenyetso by’ibyavuye mu matora .

Kuva mu 1417,hatangiye gutwikwa impapuro z’amatora nyuma ya buri cyiciro cy’amatora. Naho mu kinyejana cya 18,hatangiye gukoreshwa chimney y’agateganyo ku nyubako ya Chapelle Sixtine.

Mu 1914, hatangiye gukoreshwa umwotsi w’umweru nk’ikimenyetso cy’itorwa rya Papa mushya. Ni mu gihe muri 2005, hatangiye gukoreshwa imiti yihariye kugira ngo umwotsi ugaragare neza, hirindwa urujijo .

Uyu mwotsi, nubwo uboneka nk’igisanzwe, ugizwe n’urusobe rw’ibinyabutabire, amateka arambye, n’ubutumwa bukomeye bwa Kiliziya Gatolika. Ariko se, uwo mwotsi ukorwa ute? Ufite irihe tandukaniro ku bidukikije?

Umwotsi ukoreshwa mu matora y’Abapapa ni kimwe mu bimenyetso byihariye bifite ibisobanuro bikomeye mu mateka ya Kiliziya. Iyo amatora ataragera ku mwanzuro, hacanwa umwotsi w’umukara. Iyo bamaze gutora Papa mushya, hagacanwa umwotsi w’umweru.

Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe na Kaminuza ya McGill muri Canada bwagaragaje ko uyu mwotsi utari isanzwe, ahubwo ukorwa hifashishijwe imvange y’ibinyabutabire bigamije gutanga ibara rihamye kandi ritera ubutumwa bwumvikana ku babikurikira.

Mu nyandiko ya The Telegraph yo muri 2013: yitwa “The smoke is made using a secret chemical recipe that has been tested to ensure it does not pollute or confuse.”n’ibyatangajwe na The Guardian muri 2013: mu nyandiko “The Vatican now uses smoke cartridges specially designed to create clearly visible black or white smoke without environmental risk.” hagaragazwa amakuru yimbitse ku mvange y’ibinyabutabire kugira ngo iyi myotsi yombi iboneke itandukanye.

Zigaragaza ko iyi mvange itegurwa neza kugira ngo habeho Umwotsi w’umukara (Fumata Nera),

Ubusobanuro bwimbitse bw’ubutabire mu ibara ry’umukara.

Potassium perchlorate (KClO₄),mu cyiciro cya Oxidizing agent.Itanga ogisijeni(Oxygen )igihe ishyizwe ku muriro. Iyo ihujwe na compounds zifite carbon (nk’Anthracene), bitwikwa neza, bigatanga ubushyuhe bwinshi. “KClO₄ → KCl + 2O₂” Iyi Oxygen (O₂)isohoka ifasha gutwika izindi nyongeramusaruro (fuel-based compounds).

Anthracene (C₁₄H₁₀) yo mu cyiciro cya Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH). Ibi binyabutabire birashya nabi, bigatanga soot (carbon y’umukara itahiye neza),bigatanga amavuta y’umukara (carbon particles) agaragara cyane mu kirere. Ibi nibyo bigira umwotsi ibara ry’umukara.

Sulfur (S) mu cyiciro cya Elemental non-metal. Iyo itwitswe, itanga ubushyuhe bwiyongera, kandi isohora SO₂ (sulfur dioxide). “S + O₂ → SO₂”.
Sulfur ifasha kugenzura ubushyuhe bwa reaction, bituma andi mavuta atwikwa uko bikwiye cyangwa bikadindira nk’uko biteganijwe.

Ubusobanuro bw’ubutabire mu mwotsi w’umweru (Fumata Bianca).

Potassium chlorate (KClO₃),mu cyiciro cya Oxidizing agent. Itanga ogisijeni ikenewe kugira ngo lactose na rosin bishye neza. “2KClO₃ → 2KCl + 3O₂”.
Iyi O₂ ituma habaho gutwika cyane cyane lactose na resin, bitanga umwuka wera ugaragara nk’igihu.

Lactose (C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁),mu cyiciro cya Disaccharide (isukari). Itwikwa na ogisijeni ikabyara amazi (H₂O), karuboni dayokiside (CO₂), n’ibice bya soot byera bitewe n’uko bishye. “C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁ + 12O₂ → 12CO₂ + 11H₂O”. Lactose ishyushwa itwikwa neza, igatanga uruvange rufite umwotsi w’umweru.

Rosin (colophony resin), Ikomoka Ku biti bya Pinus spp., mu buryo bwa distillation. Iri mu byiciro byabNatural resin ikize kuri diterpene acids nka abietic acid.

Itwikwa isohora ibice bifite amavuta yera yumukira mu kirere, bigatanga umwotsi wera ugaragara nk’igihu. Hasohoka, Fine particles (aerosols) zera cyane, kuko resin itwikwa bigoranye.

Ibi byose by’ubutabire byagaragajwena Morrison, R. T., & Boyd, R. N muri 2011,muri raporo yitwa Organic Chemistry. Pearson na Atkins, P., & Jones, L. Muri 2010,.muri raporo yitwa Chemical Principles: The Quest for Insight. W. H. Freeman.

Muri raporo yo muri 2015 yakozwe na UNEP Environmental Reports igaragaza ko ibikorwa nk’ibi bigomba kuba “carbon-neutral” igihe bishoboka.

Kubera ubushyuhe bwo hejuru, ibinyabutabire byose bishobora kuba byateza ingaruka igihe bidakoreshejwe neza.

Vatican Office for Technical Services cyangwa ibinyamakuru byayo nka L’Osservatore Romano cyangwa Vatican News bitanga ibisobanuro byimbitse birimo raporo ya tekiniki y’imyotsi ya Conclave.

Hagaragazwa ko Vatican yita cyane ku bipimo byo gutwika, ikoresha ibikoresho byageragejwe kandi bigenzurwa n’ababizobereyemo barimo Vatican Gendarmerie (polisi yihariye) na Ofisi ishinzwe ibikorwa remezo bya Vatican bashinzwe igenzura rya tekiniki.

Igenzura ry’ibidukikije rikorwa mbere y’uko Conclave itangira, ahanini mu byumweru 2 cyangwa 3 mbere y’amatora.

Mu 2013, Fr. Federico Lombardi, umuvugizi wa Vatican icyo gihe, yatangaje ko ko “umwotsi utazongera guteza urujijo cyangwa guhumanya ikirere.”

Mu bihe byashize, umwotsi wakorwaga utizewe neza ku buryo habayeho urujijo igihe cy’amatora, aho abantu bananirwaga gutandukanya umwotsi w’umukara n’uw’umweru. Ibi byagaragaye cyane mu 1958, 1978, na 2005.

Kubera ibyo bibazo, mu 2005 Vatican yashinze itsinda ry’abahanga mu butabire (chemists) n’abatekinisiye kugira ngo bateze imbere uburyo bushya bwo gutanga umwotsi usobanutse neza, utazongera guteza urujijo.

Mu gihe Abakaridinali (cardinaux) bateraniye mu matora ya Papa (Conclave), batora mu ibanga. Amajwi yose atangwa mu buryo bw’ibanga (secret ballot), hanyuma agashyirwa ku muriro kugira ngo hatangwe ikimenyetso cy’aho amatora ageze:

Umushumba wa Kiliziya Gatorika ku Isi atorerwa Chapelle Sixtine (Sistine Chapel), yubatswe mu kinyejana cya 15 (1473–1481), iherereye muri Vatican, kandi hari ibintu byihariye bidasanzwe bijyanye n’uko umwotsi uzamuka hatangajwe ibyavuye mu matora y’umwamikazi wa Kiliziya Gatolika.

BBC Future, nayobyatangaje ko umwotsi w’umukara uba ugizwe n’impapuro zatwitswe hifashishijwe diesel cyangwa karubone (carbon), ariko ukongerwamo ibintu bindi bituma umera nk’umwotsi uturuka mu gicanwa cy’amakara cyangwa ibishirira bitwika nabi. Ibi bituma haboneka umwotsi w’umukara wa soot ugaragara cyane mu kirere cya Vatikani.

Ku rundi ruhande, umwotsi w’umweru ukorwa hifashishijwe imvange y’a potassium chlorate (KClO₃), lactose (isukari y’amatungo), na rozin (uruvangitane ruturuka ku giti cya pinusi). Ubusanzwe, izi mvange iyo zishyizwe hamwe, zirema umwotsi mwiza w’umweru, uhita ugaragara kandi uhamye. Ibi ni byo bituma abaturage ku isi hose bumva ko amatora arangiye kandi ko Kiliziya ibonye umushumba mushya.

Nubwo ubwinshi bw’uyu mwotsi butagereranywa n’ingaruka zituruka ku nganda cyangwa imodoka, abahanga mu bidukikije ntibaceceka. Nk’uko Smithsonian Magazine ibivuga, ibinyabutabire bikozwemo uwo mwotsi bishobora kugira ingaruka ziciriritse ku mwuka duhumeka, by’umwihariko iyo bikoreshejwe kenshi mu gihe cy’iminsi irenga itatu y’amatora.

Ibi bitera impungenge mu gihe Isi ihanganye n’imihindagurikire y’ibihe, ndetse Kiliziya Gatolika nayo ikaba yaragaragaje ko yitaye ku kurengera ibidukikije, binyuze mu nyandiko ya Papa Francis yise Laudato Si’. Bityo, nubwo umwotsi ukoreshwa rimwe na rimwe, abasesenguzi basaba ko habaho uburyo bugezweho bwatuma ubutumwa butangwa hadakoreshejwe uburyo bushobora kwangiza akayunguruzo k’ibidukikije.

Uyu mwotsi waje kuvugurirwa mu buryo bugezweho nyuma y’uko habayeho urujijo ku ibara ryazamutse ubwo hatangazwaga ibimenyetso kuri bamwe.mu bapapa batowe.

Nubwo imiti ikoreshwa ishobora kugira ingaruka ku bidukikije, Vatican yagiye ishyiraho ingamba zo kugabanya izi ngaruka nko gukoresha imiti yizewe: Imiti ikoreshwa yatoranyijwe ku buryo itangiza cyane ikirere kandi itanga umwotsi usobanutse.

Gukoresha uburyo bwo gutwika bunoze: Hashyizweho uburyo bwo gutwika butuma umwotsi ugaragara neza kandi utangiza cyane.

Kugabanya igihe umwotsi urekurwa: Umwotsi urekurwa mu gihe gito cyane, bigatuma ingaruka ku bidukikije ziba nke.

Inkundi cyavuzweho ni uko uyu mwotsi udahoraho Kandi ukaba urekurwa gake mu myaka itandukanye kuko uyu muhango wo gutoranya umushumba wa Kiliziya Gatorika udahoraho.

Wakoreshejwe bwa mbere mu matora yabaye mu 1878, umwotsi wahawe igisobanuro kidasanzwe. Nyuma y’aho, mu 1903 na 1939, hatangiye kwifashishwa uburyo butandukanye bwo gutanga ibimenyetso, harimo no kuvuga akadomo k’umwotsi (signal smoke).

Kuva mu 1963, ni bwo hatangijwe uburyo bugezweho burimo ibinyabutabire by’umwimerere, bifasha gutandukanya neza ibara ry’umwotsi.

Nk’uko bigaragara mu mateka y’amatora y’Abapapa, urugero nka Papa Benedict XVI watowe muri 2005 cyangwa Papa Francis muri 2013, abaturage bose baba bahagaze muri St. Peter’s Square bareba, bateze amaso, bakumva umutima uhanze… kugeza umwotsi w’umweru usohotse.

Umwotsi ukoreshwa mu matora y’Abapapa si igikorwa gisanzwe. Ni ishusho ya siyansi, amateka, n’imyemerere bihuza mu gikorwa cy’ijwi rimwe rikomeye ku isi. Ariko nanone, ni igikorwa gisaba gukomeza gutekerezwa mu buryo burambye, bushyira imbere ibidukikije. Kiliziya nk’inkingi y’indangagaciro, ifite amahirwe yo kuba icyitegererezo mu gukoresha ikoranabuhanga ridahungabanya isi twese dusangiye.

Mu gihe isi irushaho kugira impungenge ku myotsi ituruka mu nganda, imodoka, n’ibindi, ntitwakwirengagiza n’utuntu duto dushobora kugira uruhare mu kugabanya ibyuka bihumanya ikirere.

Umwotsi w’amatora y’Abapapa ushobora kuba umusemburo wo gutekereza no guhindura byinshi, harimo no kugaragaza ubutumwa bukomeye binyuze mu buryo budasenya ibidukikije.

Nyuma y’urupfu rwa Papa Francis ku wa 21 Mata 2025, Abakaridinali 133 bateraniye mu matora ya Papa (Conclave) yabaye kuva ku wa 7 kugeza ku wa 8 Gicurasi 2025, mu Chapelle Sixtine i Vatikani. Nyuma y’amajwi ane, ku wa 8 Gicurasi, umwotsi w’umweru (fumata bianca) wagaragaye saa kumi n’ebyiri na zirindwi z’umugoroba (18:07 CEST), umenyekanisha ko habonetse Papa mushya.

Cardinal Robert Francis Prevost, wavutse i Chicago muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, ni we watowe, ahita yihitiramo izina rya Papa Leo XIV. Ni we wa mbere w’Umunyamerika watorerwa kuba Umushumba wa Kiliziya Gatolika. Yagaragaye bwa mbere ku rubaraza rwa Basilika ya Mutagatifu Petero, aho yakiriye abari bateraniye mu Rukiko Rw’Inyuma (St. Peter’s Square) n’amagambo agira ati: “Amahoro abe muri mwese!”

Uko byagenze mu matora ya Papa Leo XIV byagaragaje ko Vatican yashyize imbaraga mu gukoresha uburyo bugezweho bwo gutanga umwotsi usobanutse neza, hirindwa urujijo rwagiye rubaho mu bihe byashize. Ibi byemeza ko uburyo bwo gutanga ibimenyetso mu matora y’Abapapa bukomeje kuvugururwa kugira ngo bujyane n’igihe, ariko bukomeza gusigasira umuco n’amateka ya Kiliziya.

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